Information below focuses on flowering potted plant production. General information is near the top of this page and more specific crop information on each crop is lower down.
General Culture:
Floriculture production guide (British Columbia Ministry of Agriculture, 2009)
Lighting:
Replacing INC with LEDs (Runkle, 2014).
Managing photoperiod in the greenhouse (Currey, Lopez, Runkle, 2013).
Boom Lighting (Runkle and Heins, 2015).
Efficacy of lamp types at controlling flowering (Runkle, 2016).
General Plant Growth Regulators:
Current status of growth regulator usage in flower bulb forcing in North America. (Miller, 2012. Flor and Orna Biotech., 6(1):35-44.
SPECIFIC CROPS
African Violet:
African violet chapter (Heins/Karlsson-1991)
Cultural Notes on African Violets (Brown-Faust and Heins, 1991)
African Violet Flowering: It's all in the timing (Faust and Heins, 1994)
Modeling inflorescence development of the African Violet (Saintpaulia ionantha Wendl.) (Faust and Heins, 1994)
Modeling lead development of the African violet (Saintpaulia ionantha Wendl.) (Faust and Heins, 1993)
African violet production guide (Poole, Osborne and Chase)
Greenhouse production of African violets (Kessler, 2004)
African violet growing tips (Optimara)
Amaryllis:
Grow Hippeastrum in the greenhouse (Sumpter, 2012)
Understanding and producing Amaryllis (Pertuit, 1995)
Forcing Amaryllis (Krumm and Taylor)
Controlling Amaryllis height with pre-plant bulb soaks (Miller, Filios and Miller, 2013)
Effects of growing media and irrigation interval on flower production of Amaryllis (Amaryllis belladonna) (Boston et al., 2014)
Anthurium:
Amelioration of postharvest chilling injury in anthurium cut flowers by gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) treatments
Salicylic acid alleviates chilling injury in anthurium (Anthurium andraeanum L.)
Fertigation and growing media for production of anthurium cut flower (Cuquel et al., 2012)
Cultural guidelines for commercial production of interiors cape Anthurium (Chen et al., 2003)
Response of two Anthurium andreanum genotypes to elevated CO2 concentration (Victoria et al., Powerpoint Presentation).
Azalea:
Azalea Book Chapter (Heins/Karlsson - 1991)
Pinching azaleas chemically (Breece, et al., 1978)
Bougainvillea:
Bougainvillea (section 5, Criley)
Warm climate production guidelines for Bougainvillea (Schoellhorn and Alvarez, 2002)
Bacterial leaf spot of Bougainvillea (Walker, 1991)
Effect of Dikegulac on flowering and growth of Bougainvillea 'Rainbow Gold' (Porcini et al., 1992)
Growing Bougainvillea as a flowering pot plant (Hackett et al., 1972)
Bougainvillea (Criley)
Bougainvillea (Kobayashi et al., 2002).
Bougainvillea 101 (BGI Production Guide)
Growth and flowering of bougainvillea glare 'Sander' as affected by photoperiod and levels of nitrogen and phosphorus (Joiner et al., 1962)
In vitro micropropagation of selected Bougainvillea sp. through callus induction (Duhoky and Al-Mizory, 2014)
Ethephon treatment promotes flower formation in bougainvillea (Liu and Chang, 2011)
Bromeliads:
Effects of ethephon on flowering of ornamental Pineapple in Guzmania
CAM photosynthesis in bromeliads and agaves: What can we learn from these plants? (Matin, et al., 2013)
Browallia:
Browallia chapter (Heins/Karlsson-1991)
Cabbage (Flowering) and Kale
Success with flowering cabbage and kale production
Ornamental cabbage and kale growth responses to daminozide, paclobutrazol, and uniconazole (Gibson and Whipker)
Ornamental cabbage & kale culture (Griffin, 2013)
Ornamental cabbage and kale growth control with B-Nine, Bonzi and sumagic foliar sprays (Gibson and Whipker, 2000)
Flowering kale Nagoya (Sakata, 2011).
Caladium:
Caladium Book Chapter (Heins/Karlsson-1991)
Calceolaria:
Caleolaria Book Chapter (Heins/Karlsson-1991)
Calceolaria production (Erwin, 1994).
Calla Lily:
Effect of rhizome soaking in a mixture of BA and GA3 on the earliness of flowering and quality of teh yield of flowers and leaves in the calla lily (Zantedeschia Spreng.)
Campanula:
Campanula Book Chapter (Heins/Karlsson-1991)
Day and night temperatures, daily light integral, and CO2 enrichment affect growth and flower development of Campanula carpayica 'Blue Clips' (Niu, Heins, Cameron, Carlson, 2001).
Stem elongation and flowering of the long-day plant Campanula isophylla Moretti in response to day and night temperature alterations and light quality (Moe, Heins and Erwin, 1991).
Section 8: Campanula
Production guide for Campanula carpatica as a flowering potted plant (Whitman, Heins, Cameron and Carlson, 1995).
Effect of light, temperature and CO2 on the growth of Campanula isophylla stock plants and the subsequent growth and development of their cuttings. (Moe, 1977. Scient. Hort., 6:129-141.
Culture Report: Campanula Adansa and Ambella Series (Kathy McKay, GPN, July 2017).
Carnation:
Effect of irrigation teatment, root substrate, and substrate amendment on carnation growth (Heins, 1973)
The influence of photoperiod on lateral shoot development of carnation (Heins and Wilkins, 1979).
The effect of photoperiod on lateral shoot development in Dianthus caryophyllus L. cv Improved White Sim, Heins, Wilkins and Healy, 1979).
The influence of photoperiod on lateral shoot development of carnations (Heins and Wilkins)
Chrysanthemum:
Chrysanthemum Book Chapter (Heins/Karlsson, 1991)
The influence of node number, light source, and time of irradiation during darkness on lateral branching and cutting production in 'Bright Golden Anne' chrysanthemum (Heins and Wilkins, 1979).
Chrysanthemum dry matter partitioning patterns along irradiance and temperature gradients (Karlsson and Heins, 1992).
Effects of Photosynthetic rate maximization on chrysanthemum growth and development (Heins, Karlsson, Flore, Carlson, 1986)
Influence of night lighting with red, far red, and incandescent light on rooting of chrysanthemum cuttings (Heins, Healy and Wilkins, 1980).
A model of chrysanthemum stem elongation (Karlsson and Heins, 1994)
Development rate during four phases of chrysanthemum growth as determined by preceding and prevailing temperatures (Karlsson, Heins, Erwin, Berghage, 1989).
High night temperatures do not cause poor lateral branching of chrysanthemum (Faust, and Heins, 1992).
Irradiance and temperature effects on time of development and flower size in chrysanthemum (Karlsson, Heins, Erwin, Bergahge, Carlson, Biernbaum, 1989).
Photosynthetic response curves for chrysanthemum grown at different PPF levels (Holcomb, Flore and Heins, 1988).
Temperature and photosynthetic photon flux influence chrysanthemum shoot development and flower initiation under short-day conditions (Karlsson, Heins, Erwin, Berghage, Carlson, and Biernbaum, 1989).
Delay of flowering by high temperature in chrysanthemum: heat sensitive time of day and heat effects on CsFTLS3 and CsAFT gene expression (Nagano et al., 2015).
Cineraria:
Cineraria Book Chapter (Heins/Karlsson-1991)
Clerodendron:
Clerodendron Book Chapter (Heins/Karlsson-1991)
Crossandra:
Crossandra Book Chapter (Heins/Karlsson-1991)
Cyclamen:
Cyclamen Book Chapter (Heins/Karlsson-1991)
How to store cyclamen plus (Heins and Lange. 1993).
Keys to cyclamen production (Erwin, 1999).
Culture Report: Cyclamen Magnia Series (Bart Kuijer, GPN, September, 2017).
5 things you should know about growing cyclamen (Rob O'Hara, Greenhouse Grower, November, 2012).
Daffodil:
Daffodil Book Chapter (Heins/Karlsson-1991)
A new height control possibility for daffodils and hyacinths (Miller, Mattson, Lopez, Currey, Clemens, Olrich and Runkle, 2013).
Current status of growth regulator usage in flower bulb forcing in North America (Miller, 2012)
Height control and the use of plant growth regulators on spring bulbs (Miller, 2002).
Using PGRs on spring bulbs. (Miller, 2002. GPN, May, 8-14).
Current status of growth regulator usage in flower bulb forcing in North America. (Miller, 2012. Flor and Orna Biotech., 6(1):35-44.
Exacum:
Exacum Book Chapter (Heins/Karlsson-1991)
Fuchsia:
Fuchsia Book Chapter (Heins/Karlsson-1991)
Gardenia:
Ameliorative effects of melatonin on dark-induced leaf senescence in gardenia (Gardenia jasminoides Ellis): leaf morphology, anatomy, physiology and transcriptome. (Zhao et al., 2017).
Gerbera:
Gerbera Book Chapter (Heins/Karlsson-1991)
Pot gerbera production (Erwin, Heins and Carlson. 1991).
Ginger:
How to grow superfoods ginger and turmeric in containers (Flores, Frey and Fisher, Greenhouse Grower, 2018)
Gloxinia:
Gloxinia Book Chapter (Heins/Karlsson-1991)
Hatori (Easter Cactus):
Daily light integral, prevernalization photoperiod, and vernalization temperature and duration control flowering of Easter cactus. (Rohwer and Heins, 2007)
Flowering spring cactus (Rohwer, Runkle and Heins, 2004)
Hibiscus:
Hibiscus propagation by cuttings
Hiemalis Begonia:
Hiemalis Begonia Book Chapter (Heins/Karlsson-1991)
Hyacinth:
Hyacinth Book Chapter (Heins/Karlsson-1991)
A new height control possibility for daffodils and hyacinths (Miller, Mattson, Lopez, Currey, Clemens, Olrich and Runkle, 2013).
Current status of growth regulator usage in flower bulb forcing in North America (Miller, 2012)
Height control and the use of plant growth regulators on spring bulbs (Miller, 2002).
Using PGRs on spring bulbs. (Miller, 2002. GPN, May, 8-14).
Current status of growth regulator usage in flower bulb forcing in North America. (Miller, 2012. Flor and Orna Biotech., 6(1):35-44.
Hydrangea:
Hydrangea Book Chapter (Heins/Karlsson- 1991)
Commercial hydrangea forcing (Bailey, 1998)
Hydrangea production: Species-specific production guide (Fulcher, Own, and LeBude, 2016)
Hydrangea Nutrition: Lower leaf purpling (phosphorus deficiency (Landis, Henry and Whipker, 2017)
Hydrangea nutrition: Upper leaf inter veinal chlorosis (iron deficiency) (Landis and Whipker, 2017)
Hydrangea nutrition: Upper leaf tip necrosis - water stress or calcium? (Whipker, Henry and Landis, 2017)
Effects of fall applications of chemical defoliants, urea, and gibberellin acid on defoliation in the fall and performance of hydrangea during forcing (Bi and Scale, 2009).
Now is the time to watch for fungal disease in hydrangeas (Pugliese, 2020).
Type and rate of plant growth regulator influence vegetative, floral growth, and quality of Little Lime hydrangea (Cochran and Fulcher, 2013).
Impact of Augeo, Configure and Florel on Hydrangea branching (Hester et al., 2013).
Kalanchoe:
Kalanchoe Book Chapter (Heins/Karlsson-1991)
Kalanchoe heat delay (Gehrke, Nell and Barrett, 1991).
Basics & beyond: New Kalanchoe for cultivation (Erwin and Currey, 2014)
The effect of some plant growth regulators and their combination with methyl jasmonate on anthocyanin formation in roots of Kalanchoe blossfeldiana. (Goraj et al., 2014. J Hort Reas., 22(2):31-40.
Kale (Flowering):
Success with flowering cabbage and kale production
Ornamental cabbage and kale growth responses to daminozide, paclobutrazol, and uniconazole (Gibson and Whipker)
Ornamental cabbage & kale culture (Griffin, 2013)
Ornamental cabbage and kale growth control with B-Nine, Bonzi and sumagic foliar sprays (Gibson and Whipker, 2000)
Flowering kale Nagoya (Sakata, 2011).
Lily (Easter):
Eatser lily production (Erwin and Heins. 1995).
The influence of light on lily (Lilium longiflorum Thunb.). I. Influence of light intensity on plant development (Heins, Pemberton and Wilkins. 1982).
The influence of light on lily (Lilium longiflorum Thunb.). II. Influence of photoperiod and light stress on flower number, height, and growth rate (Heins, Wilkins and Healy. 1982).
The basics of Easter lilies: light and temperature (Erwin, Heins, Karlsson, Berghage, Carlson and Biernbaum. 1987).
Tracking Easter lily height with graphs - Part 2 (Heins, Erwin, Karlsson, Berghage, Carlson and Biernbaum. 1987).
Quantifying temperature-controilled leaf unfolding rates in 'Nellie White' Easter lilies (Karlsson, Heins and Erwin. 1988).
The lowdown on how bulb size influences lily development (Lange and Heins, 1990).
Keep roots healthy during cooling (Lange and Heins. 1990).
Easter Lily Book Chapter (Heins/Karlsson-1991).
Thermomorphogenesis in Lilium longiflorum (Erwin, Heins and Karlsson. 1989).
The relationship between day and night temperature influences photosynthesis but not light compensation point or flower longevity of Easter lily, Lilium longiflorum Thunb. (Bergahge, Flore, Heins and Erwin, 1990).
Lily leaf counting technique schedule (Heins, 1991).
Temperature effects on lily development rate and morphology from the visible bud stage until anthesis. (Erwin and Heins, 1990).
Count on your Easter lily crop (Fisher and Heins. 1994).
Eater lilies: Hit your target date (Fisher, Lieth and Heins. 1996).
Modeling flower bud elongation in Easter lily (Lilium longiflorum Thunb.) in response to temperature (Fisher, Lieth and Heins. 1996).
Tracking Easter lilies (Fisher and Heins. 1997).
Timing Easter lilies (Fisher, Lieth and Heins. 1997).
Plant growth regulators reduce postproduction leaf yellowing of potted Asiflorum lilies (Funnell and Heins. 1998).
GA4+7 plus benzyladenine reduce foliar chlorosis of Lilium longiflorum (Whitman, Heins, Moe and Funnell. 2001).
Sumagic's effect on Easter lilies (Heins. 1993).
Inside west coast Easter lily production (Zlesak and Anderson, 2003).
Lily (Oriental):
Oriental lily production (Erwin, 1999).
Ornamental Pepper:
Bonzi has advantages over sumac as a growth regulator for ornamental pepper (Whipker, McCall and Gibson, 2000)
Phalaenopsis:
Quantifying flower development rate in Phalaenopsis Taisuco Moonriver x Phalaenopsis equestris 'Alba' (H88-145).
The orchid grower - Part 1 (Runkle, Wang, Blanchard and Lopez, 2005).
The orchid grower - Part 2 (Wang, Blanchard, Lopez and Runkle, 2005).
The orchid grower - Part 3 (Lopez, Runkle, Wang and Blanchard. 2005).
The orchid grower - Part 4 (Blanchard, Lopez, Runkle, and Wang, 2005).
Propagating orchids (DeYoung, Rowe and Runkle, 2011).
Technology improves orchid production at Green Circle Growers (Gallagher, 2015)
How temperature and photoperiod impact orchid spiking (wang, Tsai and Dai, 2013)
Growing the best phalaenopsis (Lopez et al., 2007)
Effects of plant size, temperature, and light intensity on flowering of Phalaenopsis hybrids in Mediterranean greenhouses (Paradiso and De Pascale, 2014)
The use of N-6-benzyladenine to regulate flowering of Phalaenopsis orchids (Wu and Chang, 2009)
Temperature during the day, but not during the night, controls flowering of Phalaenopsis orchids (Blanchard and Runkle, 2006)
Phalaenopsis orchid light requirement during the induction of spiking (Wang, 1995)
Enhancing flower stalk emergence in Phalenopsis by red light supplementation. (Lu et al., 2016. Amer J Plant Sci., 7:639-648.
Poinsettia:
Poinsettia Book Chapter (Heins/Karlsson-1991)
Making a graphical track for a poinsettia crop (Erwin, 1993).
The influence of diurnal temperatures on the postharvest susceptibility of poinsettia to Botrytis cinerea (Pritchard, Hausbeck and Heins. 1996).
Calcium deficiency on poinsettia stock plants (Bierman, Dole, Rosen and Wilkins, 1992).
Making a graphical track for a poinsettia crop (Erwin, 1993).
Poinsettia problem avoider (Erwin, 1993)
Poinsettia height control (Erwin, 1993).
Pine bark and peat-based media influence effects of uniconazole drench on poinsettias (Newman and Quarrels, 1994).
Poinsettia production (Erwin, 1995).
Common problems in northern poinsettia production (Erwin, 2003).
Fascination on poinsettias (Blanchard, Olrich and Runkle, 2005).
Increasing poinsettia size (Runkle 2007).
Early PGR drench applications on poinsettias (Lopez and Runkle, 2007).
Energy-efficiant poinsettia production (Runkle and Faust, 2009).
Basics & beyond: Cold finishing poinsettias (Lopez, 2014)
Plan now to prevent bract edge burn on poinsettias (Nell and Leonard, 2014)
Poinsettia Fertilization: Molybdenum deficiency (Whipker, E-Gro Alert - 2014).
Foliar applied molybdenum for preventing or correcting molybdenum deficiency in poinsettia (Cox, Hortscience, 27(8):894-895.
How to start with a clean crop: Biopesticide dips reduce populations of BEmesia tabac (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) on greenhouse poinsettia propagative cuttings (Buitenhuis et al., 2016).
Dipping cuttings to start clean (Buitenhuis et al., Vineland Research Report).
Poinsettia propagation (Lopez, 2009).
Poinsettia - Poinsettia propagation tips (Lang).
Primula:
Primula Book Chapter (Heins/Karlsson-1991)
Primula production (Erwin, 1999).
Primula season primer (Sakata)
Primula production (Griffin)
Primula culture and production (Karlsson, 2001)
Primula: an all-time favorite (Karlsson, 2002)
Rose:
Potted Rose Book Chapter (Heins/Karlsson-1991)
Rose diseases and their control (Chase)
Developmental factors affecting Rosa axillary shoot development: I. Effect of pruning position and leaf removal on axillary shoot development (Erwin, Glomsrud, Viker and Etzel, 1993).
Celebrate the year of the rose with minature roses! (Zlesak, 2002).
Schlumbergera (Thanksgiving and Christmas Cactus):
Thanksgiving cactus production (Erwin, 1990).
Temperature effects Schlumbergera truncata 'Madisto' flower initiation (Erwin, Heins Berghage and Kovanda, 1990)
Schlumbergera Book Chapter (Heins/Karlsson-1991)
How to Schedule Thanksgiving cactus (Lange and Heins, 1992)
Influence of temperature, water stress. and BA on reproductive growth of schlumbergera (Heins, Armitage and Carlson, 1981)
Holiday cactus: Commercial greenhouse production (Kessler)
Holiday cacti production tips (McAvoy)
Holiday cactus production guide (Poole, Osborne, and Chase)
Commercial production of holiday cacti (Boyle, 1993)
How to increase branching and flower bud production of Christmas cactus (Whipker and Cockston, 2017)
Solanum (Christmas Cherry):
Christmas Cherry Book Chapter (Heins/Karlsson-1991)
Stephanotis:
Temperature effects on stephanotis leaf unfolding rate (Erwin and Cirhan, 1991).
Streptocarpus:
Streptocarpus Book Chapter (Heins/Karlsson-1991)
Keeping Streptocarpus vegetative using ethephon (Flax and Currey, 2014)
Tuberrose:
Investigation of teh impact of benzyladenine and several natural compounds on the vase life and some qualitative traits of Tuberrose cut flowers (Shahi et al., 2016).
Tulip
Tulip Book Chapter (Heins/Karlsson-1991)
Current status of growth regulator usage in flower bulb forcing in North America (Miller, 2012)
Height control and the use of plant growth regulators on spring bulbs (Miller, 2002).
Comparison of flurprimidol, to ancymidol, paclobutrazol, and uniconazole for tulip height control. (Krug et al., 2005. HortTech., 15(2):370-373.
Using PGRs on spring bulbs. (Miller, 2002. GPN, May, 8-14).
Current status of growth regulator usage in flower bulb forcing in North America. (Miller, 2012. Flor and Orna Biotech., 6(1):35-44.
Tumeric:
How to grow superfoods ginger and turmeric in containers (Flores, Frey and Fisher, Greenhouse Grower, 2018)
Watsonia:
Watsonias as container plants: using paclobutrazol for flowering and height control (Thompson et al., 2005. SA J Bot., 71:426-431.
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