Greenhouse herb production in North America continues to increase. This is especially the case near urban centers. Information below focuses on North American production information and techniques as they are unique from those of Europe.
GENERAL INFORMATION
Factors that Affect Flowering:
What Factors Impact Flowering of Different Species (Erwin, 2016)
Determination of photoperiodic response group and effect of supplemental irradiance of flowering of several bedding plant species (Erwin and Warner, 2001).
How does daylength affect flowering of spring annuals? (Erwin, Warner and Mattson, 2002).
Fundamentals of flowering in plants: Supplemental lighting and earliness of flowering (Erwin, Mattson and Warner, 2003).
Fundamentals of flowering in plants: Juvenility in seed-propagated annuals and how supplemental lighting can affect it. (Erwin, Mattson and Warner, 2003).
Daylength effects on bedding plants I (Erwin, Warner and Mattson, 2004)
Saturating DLIs for flowering (Runkle and Blanchard, 2011).
Daily light integral & flowering of annuals (Blanchard and Runkle, 2010).
Efficacy of lamp types at controlling flowering (Runkle, 2016).
Light effects on bedding plants (Erwin et al., 2017)
Temperature:
Greenhouse herb and vegetable production - Part 3/4 - Greenhouse environment. Buechel, 2017. Grower services newsletter).
Light Conversion and Units:
Photometric, radiometric, and quantum light units of measure: A review of procedures for introconversion (Thimijan and Heins. 1983).
Lighting Needs calculator
Daily Light Integral:
Lighting Up: part 14 (Verberkt, Heins and Blom. 2004).
Saturating DLIs for flowering (Runkle and Blanchard, 2011).
Daily light integral & flowering of annuals (Blanchard and Runkle, 2010).
Supplemental Lighting (Photosynthetic):
Fundamentals of flowering in plants: Supplemental lighting and earliness of flowering (Erwin, Mattson and Warner, 2003).
Saturating DLIs for flowering (Runkle and Blanchard, 2011).
Managing light during propagation (Lopez and Runkle, 2005).
LEDs versus HPS: A reality check (Runkle, Nelosn, Bugbee, 2014).
The basics & beyond: Understanding the differences between photoperiodic and supplemental lighting (Lopez, 2013)
Growing seedlings under LEDs: Part two (Wollaeger and Runkle, 2014)
LEDs:
Control Flowering with LEDs (Meng and Runkle).
Growing seedlings under LEDs: Part two (Wollaeger and Runkle, 2014)
Comparing LED lighting to HPS lamps for plug production (Randall and Lopez, 2013)
LED lighting in Controlled Environment Agriculture: Energy evaluation, measurement and validation. (Outsource In novations, 2016. CRAD Final Report).
Light quality dependent changes in morphology, antioxidant capacity, and volatile production in sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum). Carvalho et al., 2016. Front. in Plant Sci., doi: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01328.
Solar:
PV for greenhouse lighting
High Pressure Sodium Lights:
Comparing LED lighting to HPS lamps for plug production (Randall and Lopez, 2013)
Supplemental lighting (Photoperiodic):
Replacing INC with LEDs (Runkle, 2014).
Managing photoperiod in the greenhouse (Currey, Lopez, Runkle, 2013).
The basics & beyond: Understanding the differences between photoperiodic and supplemental lighting (Lopez, 2013)
Cyclic Lighting:
Cyclic long-day lighting (Runkle, 2007).
Boom Lighting (Runkle and Heins, 2015).
Disease Control:
Influence of a surfactant in recirculating systems on plant mortality caused by zoosporic root-infecting pathogens. Stanghellini, AFE Special report #121: Disease Management).
CONTROLLED ENVIRONMENT/GREENHOUSE HERB PRODUCTION
Edible Flowers:
Edible Flowers (Schwarze, 1994).
Organic:
Herbs: Organic greenhouse production
Nutrient management for greenhouse production of container-grown organic herbs
Nutrient management of organic greenhouse herb production: Where are we now?
Evaluation of organic nutrient sources in the production of greenhouse hydroponic basil
Organic greenhouse container herb production in south Florida: Fertilizer and potting media
Herb production in organic systems
Herbs: Organic greenhouse production
Humidity:
Greenhouse humidity control (CropKing, Inc., 2017).
Temperature:
Effects of temperature DIF and Drop on the growth, quality, total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of herbs (Islam et al., 2016)
Nutrition:
Nutrient management for greenhouse production of container-grown organic herbs
Nutrient management of organic greenhouse herb production: Where are we now?
Evaluation of organic nutrient sources in the production of greenhouse hydroponic basil
Organic greenhouse container herb production in south Florida: Fertilizer and potting media
Producing hydroponic culinary herbs (Currey, 2014)
Iron deficiency of hydroponic leafy greens and herbs (Mattson, 1(8): April, 2016).
Disease management:
Disease Management - Influence of a surfactant in recirculating systems on plant mortality caused by zoosporic root-infecting pathogens. (Stanghellini and Nielson, AFE Special Research Report #121)
BioSafe ppm Cheat Sheet.
Greenhouse basil downy mildew (BioWorks).
Pest Control:
Commercially available biological control agents for common greenhouse insect pests (Wollaeger et la., 2015. Bulletin #3299).
Harvesting:
Harvesting organically grown herbs
Food Safety:
Food safety guidelines for production, harvest, postharvest, and processing unit operations of fresh culinary herbs (2013)
Postharvest:
Postharvest Handling of Herbs and Vegetables:
Harvest and Handling Considerations - Florida (Greenhouse Vegetable Production Handbook, Vol. 1)
Herbs, spices and essential oils: post-harvest operations in developing countries
Prevention of post-harvest food losses: Fruits vegetables and root crops.
Spacing:
Increase planting densities to increase hydroponic basil yields. (Walters and Currey, 2015. Greenhouse Grower, December)
Basil
Yield and chemical composition of basil herb depending on cultivar and folar feeding with nitrogen.
Susceptibility of basil cultivars and breeding lines to downy mildew (Peronospora belbahrii)
Evaluation of organic nutrient sources in the production of greenhouse hydroponic basil
Effective treatments for basil downy mildew
Evaluation of biopesticides for managing downy mildew in basil (2010)
Changes in the essential oil content and selected traits of sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) as induced by foliar sprays of citric acid and salicylic acid (Mirzajani et al., 2015).
Artificial LED lighting enhances growth characteristics and total phenolic content of Ocimum basilicum, but variably affects transplant success. (Bantis et al., 2016).
The effect of UV-A supplemental lighting on antioxidant properties of Ocimum basilicum L. microgreens in greenhouse. (2015)
Passive heat treatment of sweet basil crops suppresses Peronospora belbaharii downy mildew (Elad et al., 2016)
Microbiological status and food safety compliance of commercial basil production systems. (Willeke et al., 2016).
Basil Fusarium wilt (Mattson and Daughtrey, e-Gro Edible Alert, 1(2): January 2016).
Managing air temperatures for basil growth and development (Walters and Currey, Greenhouse Grower, February 12, 2016).
Basil production (2012).
Growth, yield, plant quality and nutrition of basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) under soilless agricultural systems (Saha et al., Ann Agri. Sci., 61:181-186; 2016).
Basil (FDA; 2015)
How to grow basil and cilantro using hydroponics (Morgan, 2017).
Managing electrical conductivity (EC) for hydroponic basil production. (Walters and Currey, 2016. Greenhouse Grower, January, 52-56.
Increase planting densities to increase hydroponic basil yields. (Walters and Currey, 2015. Greenhouse Grower, December)
Winter greenhouse production and tissue culture of basil (Ocimum spp.). Wei, 2016. MS Thesis, University of Nebraska).
Growing basil in hydroponics? Read this first. (Storey, 2016. Crops & Growing Science).
Light quality dependent changes in morphology, antioxidant capacity, and volatile production in sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum). Carvalho et al., 2016. Front. in Plant Sci., doi: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01328.
Cilantro:
How to grow basil and cilantro using hydroponics (Morgan, 2017).
Greenhouse production of garlic chives and cilantro (Anderson and Jia, 1996. Progress in new crops. 594-597).
Ginseng:
Optimal light for greenhouse culture of American ginseng seedlings. (Proctor and Palmer, 2017).
Cut Herbs:
Field Grown Herbs (CALU technical notes (020502, 2006))
Potted Herbs:
Success with container production of twelve herb species (Gibson, Whipker and Cloyd)
Height Control:
Irrigation, fertilization and non-chemical plant growth regulation in greenhouse production (Alem, 2014. PhD Thesis, University of Georgia).
GENERAL INFORMATION
Factors that Affect Flowering:
What Factors Impact Flowering of Different Species (Erwin, 2016)
Determination of photoperiodic response group and effect of supplemental irradiance of flowering of several bedding plant species (Erwin and Warner, 2001).
How does daylength affect flowering of spring annuals? (Erwin, Warner and Mattson, 2002).
Fundamentals of flowering in plants: Supplemental lighting and earliness of flowering (Erwin, Mattson and Warner, 2003).
Fundamentals of flowering in plants: Juvenility in seed-propagated annuals and how supplemental lighting can affect it. (Erwin, Mattson and Warner, 2003).
Daylength effects on bedding plants I (Erwin, Warner and Mattson, 2004)
Saturating DLIs for flowering (Runkle and Blanchard, 2011).
Daily light integral & flowering of annuals (Blanchard and Runkle, 2010).
Efficacy of lamp types at controlling flowering (Runkle, 2016).
Light effects on bedding plants (Erwin et al., 2017)
Temperature:
Greenhouse herb and vegetable production - Part 3/4 - Greenhouse environment. Buechel, 2017. Grower services newsletter).
Light Conversion and Units:
Photometric, radiometric, and quantum light units of measure: A review of procedures for introconversion (Thimijan and Heins. 1983).
Lighting Needs calculator
Daily Light Integral:
Lighting Up: part 14 (Verberkt, Heins and Blom. 2004).
Saturating DLIs for flowering (Runkle and Blanchard, 2011).
Daily light integral & flowering of annuals (Blanchard and Runkle, 2010).
Supplemental Lighting (Photosynthetic):
Fundamentals of flowering in plants: Supplemental lighting and earliness of flowering (Erwin, Mattson and Warner, 2003).
Saturating DLIs for flowering (Runkle and Blanchard, 2011).
Managing light during propagation (Lopez and Runkle, 2005).
LEDs versus HPS: A reality check (Runkle, Nelosn, Bugbee, 2014).
The basics & beyond: Understanding the differences between photoperiodic and supplemental lighting (Lopez, 2013)
Growing seedlings under LEDs: Part two (Wollaeger and Runkle, 2014)
LEDs:
Control Flowering with LEDs (Meng and Runkle).
Growing seedlings under LEDs: Part two (Wollaeger and Runkle, 2014)
Comparing LED lighting to HPS lamps for plug production (Randall and Lopez, 2013)
LED lighting in Controlled Environment Agriculture: Energy evaluation, measurement and validation. (Outsource In novations, 2016. CRAD Final Report).
Light quality dependent changes in morphology, antioxidant capacity, and volatile production in sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum). Carvalho et al., 2016. Front. in Plant Sci., doi: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01328.
Solar:
PV for greenhouse lighting
High Pressure Sodium Lights:
Comparing LED lighting to HPS lamps for plug production (Randall and Lopez, 2013)
Supplemental lighting (Photoperiodic):
Replacing INC with LEDs (Runkle, 2014).
Managing photoperiod in the greenhouse (Currey, Lopez, Runkle, 2013).
The basics & beyond: Understanding the differences between photoperiodic and supplemental lighting (Lopez, 2013)
Cyclic Lighting:
Cyclic long-day lighting (Runkle, 2007).
Boom Lighting (Runkle and Heins, 2015).
Disease Control:
Influence of a surfactant in recirculating systems on plant mortality caused by zoosporic root-infecting pathogens. Stanghellini, AFE Special report #121: Disease Management).
CONTROLLED ENVIRONMENT/GREENHOUSE HERB PRODUCTION
Edible Flowers:
Edible Flowers (Schwarze, 1994).
Organic:
Herbs: Organic greenhouse production
Nutrient management for greenhouse production of container-grown organic herbs
Nutrient management of organic greenhouse herb production: Where are we now?
Evaluation of organic nutrient sources in the production of greenhouse hydroponic basil
Organic greenhouse container herb production in south Florida: Fertilizer and potting media
Herb production in organic systems
Herbs: Organic greenhouse production
Humidity:
Greenhouse humidity control (CropKing, Inc., 2017).
Temperature:
Effects of temperature DIF and Drop on the growth, quality, total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of herbs (Islam et al., 2016)
Nutrition:
Nutrient management for greenhouse production of container-grown organic herbs
Nutrient management of organic greenhouse herb production: Where are we now?
Evaluation of organic nutrient sources in the production of greenhouse hydroponic basil
Organic greenhouse container herb production in south Florida: Fertilizer and potting media
Producing hydroponic culinary herbs (Currey, 2014)
Iron deficiency of hydroponic leafy greens and herbs (Mattson, 1(8): April, 2016).
Disease management:
Disease Management - Influence of a surfactant in recirculating systems on plant mortality caused by zoosporic root-infecting pathogens. (Stanghellini and Nielson, AFE Special Research Report #121)
BioSafe ppm Cheat Sheet.
Greenhouse basil downy mildew (BioWorks).
Pest Control:
Commercially available biological control agents for common greenhouse insect pests (Wollaeger et la., 2015. Bulletin #3299).
Harvesting:
Harvesting organically grown herbs
Food Safety:
Food safety guidelines for production, harvest, postharvest, and processing unit operations of fresh culinary herbs (2013)
Postharvest:
Postharvest Handling of Herbs and Vegetables:
Harvest and Handling Considerations - Florida (Greenhouse Vegetable Production Handbook, Vol. 1)
Herbs, spices and essential oils: post-harvest operations in developing countries
Prevention of post-harvest food losses: Fruits vegetables and root crops.
Spacing:
Increase planting densities to increase hydroponic basil yields. (Walters and Currey, 2015. Greenhouse Grower, December)
Basil
Yield and chemical composition of basil herb depending on cultivar and folar feeding with nitrogen.
Susceptibility of basil cultivars and breeding lines to downy mildew (Peronospora belbahrii)
Evaluation of organic nutrient sources in the production of greenhouse hydroponic basil
Effective treatments for basil downy mildew
Evaluation of biopesticides for managing downy mildew in basil (2010)
Changes in the essential oil content and selected traits of sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) as induced by foliar sprays of citric acid and salicylic acid (Mirzajani et al., 2015).
Artificial LED lighting enhances growth characteristics and total phenolic content of Ocimum basilicum, but variably affects transplant success. (Bantis et al., 2016).
The effect of UV-A supplemental lighting on antioxidant properties of Ocimum basilicum L. microgreens in greenhouse. (2015)
Passive heat treatment of sweet basil crops suppresses Peronospora belbaharii downy mildew (Elad et al., 2016)
Microbiological status and food safety compliance of commercial basil production systems. (Willeke et al., 2016).
Basil Fusarium wilt (Mattson and Daughtrey, e-Gro Edible Alert, 1(2): January 2016).
Managing air temperatures for basil growth and development (Walters and Currey, Greenhouse Grower, February 12, 2016).
Basil production (2012).
Growth, yield, plant quality and nutrition of basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) under soilless agricultural systems (Saha et al., Ann Agri. Sci., 61:181-186; 2016).
Basil (FDA; 2015)
How to grow basil and cilantro using hydroponics (Morgan, 2017).
Managing electrical conductivity (EC) for hydroponic basil production. (Walters and Currey, 2016. Greenhouse Grower, January, 52-56.
Increase planting densities to increase hydroponic basil yields. (Walters and Currey, 2015. Greenhouse Grower, December)
Winter greenhouse production and tissue culture of basil (Ocimum spp.). Wei, 2016. MS Thesis, University of Nebraska).
Growing basil in hydroponics? Read this first. (Storey, 2016. Crops & Growing Science).
Light quality dependent changes in morphology, antioxidant capacity, and volatile production in sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum). Carvalho et al., 2016. Front. in Plant Sci., doi: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01328.
Cilantro:
How to grow basil and cilantro using hydroponics (Morgan, 2017).
Greenhouse production of garlic chives and cilantro (Anderson and Jia, 1996. Progress in new crops. 594-597).
Ginseng:
Optimal light for greenhouse culture of American ginseng seedlings. (Proctor and Palmer, 2017).
Cut Herbs:
Field Grown Herbs (CALU technical notes (020502, 2006))
Potted Herbs:
Success with container production of twelve herb species (Gibson, Whipker and Cloyd)
Height Control:
Irrigation, fertilization and non-chemical plant growth regulation in greenhouse production (Alem, 2014. PhD Thesis, University of Georgia).
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