Information below focuses on how to manage plant growth environmentally, or through application of organic or non-organic compounds.
New:
The latest in plant growth regulator options for ornamentals (Sparks, 2020).
ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL OF PLANT HEIGHT:
DIF and DROP:
The control of plant height by innovative temperature control (Heins, Karlsson and Erwin. 1986).
New concepts on how day and night temperatures affect plant growth (Erwin and Heins, 1988).
How can temperature be used to control plant stem elongation? (Erwin, Heins, Berghage and Carlson. 1989).
Booklet of DIF and DROP (1990).
Stem elongation and flowering of the long-day plant Campanula isophylla Moretti in response to day and night temperature alterations and light quality (Moe, Heins and Erwin, 1991).
Diurnal temperature fluctuations and mechanical manipulation affect plant stem elongation (Erwin, Heins, Carlson and Newport, 1992).
The history of DIF and the use of a morning temperature DIP to control plant height (Heins and Erwin, 1991).
Growth control without chemicals (Heins and Erwin, 1993).
A short history of DIF: Using temperature to control plant height (Heins and Erwin, 1993).
Temperature manipulation of vegetable stem elongation and flowering (Erwin, Pierson, Strefeler and Heins. 1993).
DIF:
Why grow plants with warmer nights (Erwin, Heins, Berghage, Karlsson, Carlson and Heins. 1988).
Thermomorphogenesis in Lilium longiflorum (Erwin, Heins and Karlsson. 1989).
Do cool days/warm nights work with plugs? You bet! (Erwin, Heins, Carlson and Biernbaum, 1989).
The relationship between day and night temperature influences photosynthesis but not light compensation point or flower longevity of Easter lily, Lilium longiflorum Thunb. (Bergahge, Flore, Heins and Erwin, 1990).
Day/night temperature environment affects cell elongation but not division in Lilium longiflorum Thunb. (Erwin, Velguth and Heins. 1994).
DROP:
Cool mornings can control plant growth (Erwin, Heins, Berghage, Kovanda, Carlson and Biernbaum, 1989).
Pulsing Temps at sunrise (Faust, verLinden and Heins. 1994).
Overapplication:
Diagnosing problems due to plant growth regulators (Whipker et al., 2001).
ORGANIC CHEMICAL CONTROL
Growth control without chemicals (Heins and Erwin, 1993).
Growth control without chemicals (Heins and Erwin. 1994).
Irrigation, fertilization and non-chemical plant growth regulation in greenhouse production (Alem, 2014. PhD Thesis, University of Georgia).
NON-ORGANIC CHEMICAL CONTROL
General Information:
Effect of various plant growth regulators on branching of selected woody ornamental plants (Villavicencio et al., 2011)
Growth regulator recommendations for the north (Erwin, 1992).
Growth retardant rates for bedding plant production in northern climates (Erwin, 2003).
Plant Growth Regulator Guide for Annuals
Plant Growth Regulator Guide for Perennials
Plant growth retardant rates table
Maximizing plant growth regulator efficiacy
Advanced PGR Use - Annuals (Heins, 2014).
PGR rates and timing for plug production (Whitman and Runkle, 2003).
Getting results with liner dips (Blanchard, Lopez and Runkle, 2008).
ABCs of PGRs (Runkle, 2008).
Comparing PGRs (Lopez, Blanchard and Runkle, 2008).
PGR dilution guide (Runkle, 2013).
Current status of growth regulator usage in flower bulb forcing in North America (Miller, 2012)
Selecting and using plant growth regulators on floriculture crops (Latimer and Whipker, 2012)
Growth retardant rates for bedding plant production in northern climates (Erwin, 2003. MCFG Bulletin, March, 7-18).
GENERAL RECOMMENDATIONS FOR PGRs
Current status of growth regulator usage in flower bulb forcing in North America. (Miller, 2012. Flor and Orna Biotech., 6(1):35-44.
Plant growth regulators greenhouse production pocket reference (Camberato et al., Purdue Ext. HO-248-B-W).
Growth regulators for containerized herbaceous perennial plants (2020-2021; GrowerTalks).
GROWTH RETARDANTS
A-Rest:
The PGR ancymidol (Runkle, 2015).
B-Nine:
The successful use of the PGR daminozide (Runkle, 2013).
Bonzi:
Early PGR drench applications on poinsettias (Lopez and Runkle, 2007).
Successful use of paclobutrazol (Runkle, 2012).
A new paclobutrazol (Runkle, 2011).
Cycocel:
Using chlormequat chloride with success (Runkle, 2014).
Sumagic:
Sumagic's effect on Easter lilies (Heins. 1993).
Works like magic: Sumagic on oriental lilies (Heins, Liu and Wallace. 1997).
Sumagic on bedding plants (Whitman, Olrich and Runkle, 2005).
Sumagic on vegetable transplants (Runkle, 2012).
Sumagic Use on Vegetable Crops
TopFlor:
Topflor: A new plant growth regulator
Using Topflor, Part II: Perennial Plants (Latimer et al., 2003. GPN February, 48-56).
GROWTH PROMOTERS
Fascination:
GA 4+7 plus benzyladenine reduce foliar chlorosis of Lilium longiflorum (Whitman, Heins, Moe and Funnell. 2001).
Plant growth regulators reduce postproduction leaf yellowing of potted Asiflorum lilies (Funnell and Heins. 1998).
GA 4+7 plus benzyladenine reduce foliar chlorosis of Lilium longiflorum (Whitman, Heins, Moe and Funnell. 2001).
Recovering from PGR overdose (Runkle, 2006).
Fascination on poinsettias (Blanchard, Olrich and Runkle, 2005).
Increasing poinsettia size (Runkle 2007).
Plant growth regulators effects on the growth and photosynthetic pigments on three indoor ornamental plants. (Sardoei, 2014. Europ. J Expt. Biol., 4(2):311-318.
INCREASING BRANCHING
The use of plant growth regulators for branching of nursery trees in NY state (Sazo and Robinson, 2011).
Using branching agents on woody ornamentals in the nursery (Latimer, 2016)
Augeo (Atrimmec):
Augeo: plant growth regulator
Type and rate of plant growth regulator influence vegetative, floral growth, and quality of Little Lime hydrangea (Cochran and Fulcher, 2013).
Impact of Augeo, Configure and Florel on Hydrangea branching (Hester et al., 2013).
Atrimmec Label (2021)
Augeo Label
Augeo: Plant Growth Regulator
Collate:
Using the PGRs Collate and Florel (Runkle, 2013).
Configure:
Configure: product information
Configure Rate Recommendations
Improving branching and postharvest quality (Padhye, Runkle, Olrich and Reinhold (2008).
Effect of gibberellin acid and benzyladenine growth regulators on offsets production of Aloe barbadensis at greenhouse conditions. (Sardoei et al., 2013. IJABBD, 1(11):1457-1465.
Plant growth regulators effects on the growth and photosynthetic pigments on three indoor ornamental plants. (Sardoei, 2014. Europ. J Expt. Biol., 4(2):311-318.
Cyclanilide
Single cyclanilide applications promote branching of woody ornamentals (Holland et al., 2007).
Gibberellin
Effect of gibberellin acid and benzyladenine growth regulators on offsets production of Aloe barbadensis at greenhouse conditions. (Sardoei et al., 2013. IJABBD, 1(11):1457-1465.
Florel:
A new height control possibility for daffodils and hyacinths (Miller, Mattson, Lopez, Currey, Clemens, Olrich and Runkle, 2013).
Using the PGRs Collate and Florel (Runkle, 2013).
INHIBITING FLOWERING
Collate:
Using the PGRs Collate and Florel (Runkle, 2013).
Florel:
Florel on summer production of pansy (Runkle and Heins, 2004).
Temperature and ethephon affect growth and development of several vegetative bedding plants (Beckwith, Heins, Runkle. 2003).
Keeping Streptocarpus vegetative using ethephon (Flax and Currey, 2014)
Using Florel in Belgian Mum Production (Chodyla, 2010)
INCREASING POSTHARVEST LIFE
ABA:
Using ABA to reduce water loss in chrysanthemum & aster (Craig, Olrich and Runkle, 2011).
Melatonin:
Ameliorative effects of melatonin on dark-induced leaf senescence in gardenia (Gardenia jasminoides Ellis): leaf morphology, anatomy, physiology and transcriptome. (Zhao et al., 2017).
New:
The latest in plant growth regulator options for ornamentals (Sparks, 2020).
ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL OF PLANT HEIGHT:
DIF and DROP:
The control of plant height by innovative temperature control (Heins, Karlsson and Erwin. 1986).
New concepts on how day and night temperatures affect plant growth (Erwin and Heins, 1988).
How can temperature be used to control plant stem elongation? (Erwin, Heins, Berghage and Carlson. 1989).
Booklet of DIF and DROP (1990).
Stem elongation and flowering of the long-day plant Campanula isophylla Moretti in response to day and night temperature alterations and light quality (Moe, Heins and Erwin, 1991).
Diurnal temperature fluctuations and mechanical manipulation affect plant stem elongation (Erwin, Heins, Carlson and Newport, 1992).
The history of DIF and the use of a morning temperature DIP to control plant height (Heins and Erwin, 1991).
Growth control without chemicals (Heins and Erwin, 1993).
A short history of DIF: Using temperature to control plant height (Heins and Erwin, 1993).
Temperature manipulation of vegetable stem elongation and flowering (Erwin, Pierson, Strefeler and Heins. 1993).
DIF:
Why grow plants with warmer nights (Erwin, Heins, Berghage, Karlsson, Carlson and Heins. 1988).
Thermomorphogenesis in Lilium longiflorum (Erwin, Heins and Karlsson. 1989).
Do cool days/warm nights work with plugs? You bet! (Erwin, Heins, Carlson and Biernbaum, 1989).
The relationship between day and night temperature influences photosynthesis but not light compensation point or flower longevity of Easter lily, Lilium longiflorum Thunb. (Bergahge, Flore, Heins and Erwin, 1990).
Day/night temperature environment affects cell elongation but not division in Lilium longiflorum Thunb. (Erwin, Velguth and Heins. 1994).
DROP:
Cool mornings can control plant growth (Erwin, Heins, Berghage, Kovanda, Carlson and Biernbaum, 1989).
Pulsing Temps at sunrise (Faust, verLinden and Heins. 1994).
Overapplication:
Diagnosing problems due to plant growth regulators (Whipker et al., 2001).
ORGANIC CHEMICAL CONTROL
Growth control without chemicals (Heins and Erwin, 1993).
Growth control without chemicals (Heins and Erwin. 1994).
Irrigation, fertilization and non-chemical plant growth regulation in greenhouse production (Alem, 2014. PhD Thesis, University of Georgia).
NON-ORGANIC CHEMICAL CONTROL
General Information:
Effect of various plant growth regulators on branching of selected woody ornamental plants (Villavicencio et al., 2011)
Growth regulator recommendations for the north (Erwin, 1992).
Growth retardant rates for bedding plant production in northern climates (Erwin, 2003).
Plant Growth Regulator Guide for Annuals
Plant Growth Regulator Guide for Perennials
Plant growth retardant rates table
Maximizing plant growth regulator efficiacy
Advanced PGR Use - Annuals (Heins, 2014).
PGR rates and timing for plug production (Whitman and Runkle, 2003).
Getting results with liner dips (Blanchard, Lopez and Runkle, 2008).
ABCs of PGRs (Runkle, 2008).
Comparing PGRs (Lopez, Blanchard and Runkle, 2008).
PGR dilution guide (Runkle, 2013).
Current status of growth regulator usage in flower bulb forcing in North America (Miller, 2012)
Selecting and using plant growth regulators on floriculture crops (Latimer and Whipker, 2012)
Growth retardant rates for bedding plant production in northern climates (Erwin, 2003. MCFG Bulletin, March, 7-18).
GENERAL RECOMMENDATIONS FOR PGRs
Current status of growth regulator usage in flower bulb forcing in North America. (Miller, 2012. Flor and Orna Biotech., 6(1):35-44.
Plant growth regulators greenhouse production pocket reference (Camberato et al., Purdue Ext. HO-248-B-W).
Growth regulators for containerized herbaceous perennial plants (2020-2021; GrowerTalks).
GROWTH RETARDANTS
A-Rest:
The PGR ancymidol (Runkle, 2015).
B-Nine:
The successful use of the PGR daminozide (Runkle, 2013).
Bonzi:
Early PGR drench applications on poinsettias (Lopez and Runkle, 2007).
Successful use of paclobutrazol (Runkle, 2012).
A new paclobutrazol (Runkle, 2011).
Cycocel:
Using chlormequat chloride with success (Runkle, 2014).
Sumagic:
Sumagic's effect on Easter lilies (Heins. 1993).
Works like magic: Sumagic on oriental lilies (Heins, Liu and Wallace. 1997).
Sumagic on bedding plants (Whitman, Olrich and Runkle, 2005).
Sumagic on vegetable transplants (Runkle, 2012).
Sumagic Use on Vegetable Crops
TopFlor:
Topflor: A new plant growth regulator
Using Topflor, Part II: Perennial Plants (Latimer et al., 2003. GPN February, 48-56).
GROWTH PROMOTERS
Fascination:
GA 4+7 plus benzyladenine reduce foliar chlorosis of Lilium longiflorum (Whitman, Heins, Moe and Funnell. 2001).
Plant growth regulators reduce postproduction leaf yellowing of potted Asiflorum lilies (Funnell and Heins. 1998).
GA 4+7 plus benzyladenine reduce foliar chlorosis of Lilium longiflorum (Whitman, Heins, Moe and Funnell. 2001).
Recovering from PGR overdose (Runkle, 2006).
Fascination on poinsettias (Blanchard, Olrich and Runkle, 2005).
Increasing poinsettia size (Runkle 2007).
Plant growth regulators effects on the growth and photosynthetic pigments on three indoor ornamental plants. (Sardoei, 2014. Europ. J Expt. Biol., 4(2):311-318.
INCREASING BRANCHING
The use of plant growth regulators for branching of nursery trees in NY state (Sazo and Robinson, 2011).
Using branching agents on woody ornamentals in the nursery (Latimer, 2016)
Augeo (Atrimmec):
Augeo: plant growth regulator
Type and rate of plant growth regulator influence vegetative, floral growth, and quality of Little Lime hydrangea (Cochran and Fulcher, 2013).
Impact of Augeo, Configure and Florel on Hydrangea branching (Hester et al., 2013).
Atrimmec Label (2021)
Augeo Label
Augeo: Plant Growth Regulator
Collate:
Using the PGRs Collate and Florel (Runkle, 2013).
Configure:
Configure: product information
Configure Rate Recommendations
Improving branching and postharvest quality (Padhye, Runkle, Olrich and Reinhold (2008).
Effect of gibberellin acid and benzyladenine growth regulators on offsets production of Aloe barbadensis at greenhouse conditions. (Sardoei et al., 2013. IJABBD, 1(11):1457-1465.
Plant growth regulators effects on the growth and photosynthetic pigments on three indoor ornamental plants. (Sardoei, 2014. Europ. J Expt. Biol., 4(2):311-318.
Cyclanilide
Single cyclanilide applications promote branching of woody ornamentals (Holland et al., 2007).
Gibberellin
Effect of gibberellin acid and benzyladenine growth regulators on offsets production of Aloe barbadensis at greenhouse conditions. (Sardoei et al., 2013. IJABBD, 1(11):1457-1465.
Florel:
A new height control possibility for daffodils and hyacinths (Miller, Mattson, Lopez, Currey, Clemens, Olrich and Runkle, 2013).
Using the PGRs Collate and Florel (Runkle, 2013).
INHIBITING FLOWERING
Collate:
Using the PGRs Collate and Florel (Runkle, 2013).
Florel:
Florel on summer production of pansy (Runkle and Heins, 2004).
Temperature and ethephon affect growth and development of several vegetative bedding plants (Beckwith, Heins, Runkle. 2003).
Keeping Streptocarpus vegetative using ethephon (Flax and Currey, 2014)
Using Florel in Belgian Mum Production (Chodyla, 2010)
INCREASING POSTHARVEST LIFE
ABA:
Using ABA to reduce water loss in chrysanthemum & aster (Craig, Olrich and Runkle, 2011).
Melatonin:
Ameliorative effects of melatonin on dark-induced leaf senescence in gardenia (Gardenia jasminoides Ellis): leaf morphology, anatomy, physiology and transcriptome. (Zhao et al., 2017).
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